Contents

Bangladesh

Bangladesh
Country



Native name
গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ




Capital
Dhaka
Largest city
Dhaka



Official languages
Bangla


Demonym
Bangladeshi




Legislature
Jatiya Sangsad








Currency
Taka (BDT)









Website
[bangladesh.gov.bd Official website]


Bangladesh, officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It occupies much of the eastern part of the historical region of Bengal and lies mainly within the delta formed by the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna river systems. Bangladesh borders India to the west, north and east, Myanmar to the southeast, and the Bay of Bengal to the south.[1] Dhaka is the capital and largest city. The United Nations lists the country's surface area at 148,460 square kilometres, while World Bank data put its population at about 175.7 million in 2025.[2][3]

Bangladesh is a unitary republic with a parliamentary system. Under the Constitution, the prime minister heads the Cabinet, executive power is exercised by or under the authority of the prime minister, and the Cabinet is collectively responsible to Parliament.[4] As of September 2026, Mirza Fakhrul Islam Alamgir serves as president and Tarique Rahman serves as prime minister.[5][6] The country's national legislature is the Jatiya Sangsad, also known as the House of the Nation.[7]

Modern Bangladesh emerged from the eastern wing of Pakistan following the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971. The conflict developed after decades of linguistic, economic and political tension between East and West Pakistan and a crisis over the transfer of power following Pakistan's 1970 general election.[8] Bangladesh declared independence on 26 March 1971, and Pakistani forces in the eastern theatre surrendered on 16 December 1971.[9]

Bangla is the state language.[10] Islam is the state religion, while the Constitution provides for equal status and equal rights in the practice of Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity and other religions.[11]

Bangladesh has developed a large manufacturing and service economy, with ready-made garments forming the dominant part of merchandise exports.[12] Its position on a densely populated river delta makes floods, tropical cyclones, coastal salinity and other climate-related risks important long-term development issues.[13]

History

Early history

The territory of present-day Bangladesh forms part of the wider historical region of Bengal. In antiquity, the lower Ganges and Brahmaputra regions contained several kingdoms and political territories rather than a single continuously unified state.[14]

Various ancient and early medieval dynasties controlled parts of Bengal. Among the most influential was the Buddhist Pala Empire, which emerged in the eighth century and ruled large areas of Bengal and northern India. The Pala period became associated with major Buddhist monasteries, scholarship, art and international cultural connections.[15]

Islamic political authority expanded into Bengal from the early thirteenth century. During the fourteenth century, rulers of the independent Bengal Sultanate brought large areas of the region under a common political administration. Bengal later became an important province of the Mughal Empire, with extensive agricultural production, textile manufacturing and regional and overseas trade.[16]

Colonial period

British power expanded in Bengal during the eighteenth century following the decline of Mughal authority. Bengal became central to the political administration and economy of British India. Colonial policies changed systems of landholding, taxation, agriculture, trade and administration.[17]

The British administration partitioned Bengal in 1905 but reversed the measure in 1911. A second partition occurred with the end of British colonial rule in 1947. Predominantly Muslim eastern Bengal became part of the newly created state of Pakistan, while western Bengal became part of India.[18]

The eastern territory was initially known as East Bengal and later as East Pakistan. It was separated geographically from West Pakistan by Indian territory.[19]

Language Movement

Political and cultural tensions between East and West Pakistan emerged over questions including language, economic policy, representation and regional autonomy. In 1952, students and political activists in Dhaka demonstrated for recognition of Bangla as a state language of Pakistan. Several demonstrators were killed on 21 February.[20]

The events became known as the Bengali Language Movement and developed into an important part of Bengali political and cultural identity. Bangladesh later proposed the international observance of 21 February as International Mother Language Day. UNESCO approved the observance in 1999, and it has been marked globally since 2000.[21]

Road to independence

Calls for greater autonomy for East Pakistan grew during the 1960s. In Pakistan's 1970 general election, the Awami League won overwhelming support in East Pakistan and secured enough seats for a majority in the national legislature. Political negotiations over the transfer of power failed.[22]

A Pakistani military crackdown began in East Pakistan in March 1971. The conflict that followed caused large-scale civilian displacement, and millions of refugees crossed into India.[23]

Bangladesh's independence was declared on 26 March 1971. A provisional government was established and resistance forces, commonly associated with the Mukti Bahini, fought Pakistani forces during the following months.[24]

India entered the wider conflict in December 1971. Pakistani forces in East Pakistan surrendered in Dhaka on 16 December, ending the war and establishing Bangladesh as an independent state.[25] Bangladesh observes 26 March as Independence Day and 16 December as Victory Day.

Bangladesh after independence

Following independence, Bangladesh faced major reconstruction, economic and humanitarian challenges. A new constitution was adopted in 1972. Bangladesh became a member of the United Nations on 17 September 1974.[26]

The country's original constitutional system was parliamentary. In 1975, constitutional amendments introduced a presidential system and one-party government. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was assassinated with most members of his immediate family in August 1975. A period of coups, military rule and military-supported governments followed.[27]

Military or military-dominated governments remained influential until a mass political movement led to the fall of President Hussain Muhammad Ershad in 1990. Parliamentary elections were held in 1991. The Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution restored the parliamentary form of government.[28]

For much of the following three decades, national politics was dominated by competition between the Bangladesh Nationalist Party and the Awami League. Sheikh Hasina became prime minister again in 2009 and remained in office until 2024.

2024 political crisis and 2026 election

In 2024, student demonstrations that began over quotas in government employment developed into a wider anti-government movement. Sheikh Hasina resigned and left Bangladesh in August 2024. An interim government headed by economist and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Muhammad Yunus subsequently took office.[29]

A parliamentary election was held on 12 February 2026. The Bangladesh Nationalist Party won 209 of the 300 directly elected parliamentary seats, giving it more than two-thirds of those seats.[30]

BNP chairman Tarique Rahman was sworn in as prime minister on 17 February 2026 and began work in office the following day.[31]

Mirza Fakhrul Islam Alamgir later became president. Official presidential communications in September 2026 identify him as President of Bangladesh.[32]

Geography

Bangladesh is situated on the northern coast of the Bay of Bengal. Its landscape is dominated by a broad alluvial plain formed by the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna river systems and their numerous tributaries and distributaries.[33]

The United Nations lists Bangladesh's surface area as 148,460 square kilometres.[34] Most of the country is low-lying, although hillier terrain occurs in parts of the southeast and northeast.

Rivers strongly influence agriculture, transportation, fisheries, settlement and the physical landscape. River erosion and deposition continually alter some floodplains, islands and riverbanks.[35]

Climate

Bangladesh has a tropical monsoon climate characterized by warm temperatures, high humidity and seasonal rainfall. Much of the annual rain falls during the monsoon months. Flooding is a recurring feature of the river system, while the coastal region is exposed to tropical cyclones and storm surges.[36]

Climate change is expected to increase risks associated with extreme heat, sea-level rise, salinity intrusion, changing rainfall patterns and extreme weather. Bangladesh has invested in cyclone shelters, forecasting, early-warning systems and disaster preparedness. The World Bank has reported major reductions in cyclone mortality compared with the catastrophic cyclone of 1970, although exposure to climate-related hazards remains high.[37]

Environment and biodiversity

The Sundarbans in southwestern Bangladesh form part of a vast mangrove ecosystem shared with India. The Bangladeshi part of the Sundarbans contains mangrove forests, tidal waterways, mudflats and islands and provides habitat for numerous species, including the Bengal tiger.[38]

Bangladesh has three properties inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List: the Historic Mosque City of Bagerhat, the Ruins of the Buddhist Vihara at Paharpur, and the Sundarbans.[39]

Government and politics

The Constitution describes Bangladesh as a unitary, independent and sovereign republic.[40]

The president is the head of state. Under Article 48 of the Constitution, the president is elected by members of Parliament and generally acts on the advice of the prime minister, except where the Constitution provides otherwise.[41]

The prime minister heads the Cabinet. Article 55 states that executive power is exercised by or under the authority of the prime minister and that the Cabinet is collectively responsible to Parliament.[42]

As of September 2026, Mirza Fakhrul Islam Alamgir is president.[43] Tarique Rahman is prime minister and leader of the government.[44]

Parliament

Bangladesh's legislature is the Jatiya Sangsad, constitutionally called the House of the Nation. Article 65 provides for 300 members elected directly from territorial constituencies and 50 additional seats reserved for women under the constitutional system then in force.[45]

The Parliament website identifies the current legislature as the 13th Parliament. Hafiz Uddin Ahmad Bir Bikram serves as Speaker and Barrister Kayser Kamal as Deputy Speaker.[46]

The Parliament website also identifies Tarique Rahman as Leader of the House and Dr Md Shafiqur Rahman as Leader of the Opposition.[47]

Administrative divisions

Bangladesh is divided into eight administrative divisions: Barishal, Chattogram, Dhaka, Khulna, Mymensingh, Rajshahi, Rangpur and Sylhet.[48]

The divisions are subdivided into 64 districts. Below the district level are upazilas and other units of local administration.[49] Urban local government includes city corporations in major metropolitan areas and municipalities in many other towns.

Foreign relations

Bangladesh became a member of the United Nations on 17 September 1974.[50] It is also a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation and the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation.[51][52]

Bangladesh was one of the founding members of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation. The SAARC Charter was signed in Dhaka on 8 December 1985.[53]

Bangladesh was also among the countries that established the regional organization now known as BIMSTEC in 1997. The BIMSTEC Secretariat is located in Dhaka.[54]

Defence

The Bangladesh Armed Forces consist principally of the Bangladesh Army, Bangladesh Navy and Bangladesh Air Force. The president is constitutionally associated with the supreme command of the defence services, while defence administration is conducted through the national government.

Bangladesh has been a major contributor to United Nations peacekeeping operations. Bangladeshi personnel first participated in UN peacekeeping in 1988.[55]

Bangladeshi military and police personnel have since served in numerous UN missions in Africa, Asia and other regions.[56]

Economy

Bangladesh is classified by the World Bank as a lower-middle-income economy. World Bank data put its gross domestic product at approximately US$456.32 billion in 2025 and GDP per capita at about US$2,597.3.[57]

The country's economy has expanded substantially since the late twentieth century. Manufacturing, services, agriculture, international trade and remittances are major components of economic activity.

The ready-made garment industry is particularly important. The World Bank reported in 2026 that ready-made garments accounted for around 82 percent of Bangladesh's exports. Programs to diversify exports have targeted sectors including footwear, leather goods, light engineering and plastics.[58]

Agriculture remains significant for rural livelihoods and food security. Rice is the dominant food crop, while fisheries, livestock and a range of other crops contribute to the rural economy.

Overseas employment and remittances are also important sources of income. World Bank data showed personal remittances received at approximately 7.4 percent of GDP in 2025.[59]

Bangladesh has recorded long-term reductions in poverty and improvements in human development. However, inflation, employment generation, banking-sector problems, export concentration and the need for institutional reform remain economic challenges. In April 2026, the World Bank identified inflation and financial-sector weaknesses among the country's significant macroeconomic concerns.[60]

The 2025 Human Development Report gave Bangladesh a Human Development Index value of 0.685 for 2023 and ranked it 130th among the countries and territories included in the table.[61]

Infrastructure

Bangladesh's transport network includes roads, railways, inland waterways, seaports and airports. The extensive river system historically made water transport important for both passengers and goods.

Dhaka is the country's principal aviation centre and is served by Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport. Other international airports serve Chattogram and Sylhet.

Major seaports include the Port of Chattogram and the Port of Mongla. The Port of Chattogram handles a large proportion of Bangladesh's maritime trade.

The Padma Bridge, opened to road traffic in June 2022, provides a direct fixed crossing of the Padma River and improved road links between southwestern Bangladesh and Dhaka and other parts of the country.[62]

Demographics

Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated large countries in the world. The World Bank estimated its population at 175,686,899 in 2025.[63] United Nations data report a population density of roughly 1,350 people per square kilometre using its 2025 measure.[64]

Bengalis form the large majority of the population. Bangladesh also contains numerous minority ethnic communities, including Chakma, Marma, Tripura, Garo, Santal, Manipuri, Tanchangya and others. Several communities have their own languages, religious traditions and cultural practices.

Language

Bangla, also known as Bengali, is the state language under Article 3 of the Constitution.[65]

Bangla is used by the large majority of the population and is central to education, public administration, literature, broadcasting and national culture. English is also used in higher education, business, law and some professional and administrative settings.

The events of the 1952 Language Movement are commemorated annually on 21 February. The date later became International Mother Language Day under UNESCO.[66]

Religion

Article 2A of the Constitution states that Islam is the state religion while requiring the state to ensure equal status and equal rights in the practice of Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity and other religions.[67]

According to the preliminary results of the 2022 Population and Housing Census, 91.04 percent of the population was Muslim, 7.95 percent Hindu, 0.61 percent Buddhist, 0.30 percent Christian and 0.12 percent belonged to other religious categories.[68]

Education

Bangladesh has expanded access to primary and secondary education over recent decades. The 2022 Population and Housing Census reported a literacy rate of 74.66 percent among people aged seven and above.[69]

The same preliminary census reported literacy rates of 76.56 percent for males and 72.82 percent for females aged seven and above.[70]

The country's higher-education system includes public and private universities, medical colleges and other specialized institutions. The University of Dhaka, established in 1921, is one of the country's oldest major universities.

Health

Bangladesh has recorded substantial improvements in several health indicators over recent decades. World Bank data placed life expectancy at birth at about 75 years in 2024.[71]

Major public-health priorities include maternal and child health, nutrition, infectious diseases, non-communicable diseases and improving access to healthcare services.

Culture

Bangladeshi culture developed within the wider cultural landscape of Bengal and reflects Bengali, Islamic, Hindu, Buddhist, Indigenous and regional traditions. Literature, music, visual arts, crafts, theatre, cuisine and festivals form prominent elements of national cultural life.

The Constitution identifies the first ten lines of Amar Sonar Bangla as the national anthem. The song was written by Rabindranath Tagore.[72]

The national flag consists of a red disc on a green field. The national emblem incorporates the water lily, rice sheaves, jute leaves and stars.[73]

Literature

Bangla literature is shared historically across the wider Bengal region. Its traditions include medieval religious and narrative poetry, folk literature and a large body of modern poetry, fiction, drama and essays.

Among the most influential literary figures associated with Bengali culture are Rabindranath Tagore and Kazi Nazrul Islam. Nazrul is recognized in Bangladesh as the national poet and is known for poetry, songs and writings addressing freedom, social justice and religious and cultural themes.

The Bangla Academy in Dhaka is an important institution for Bangla language, literature, publishing and research. Its development was closely connected with the cultural legacy of the Language Movement.

Music and folk traditions

Bangladesh has extensive folk-music traditions, including Baul, Bhatiyali, Bhawaiya and other regional forms.

Baul songs are among the country's internationally recognized cultural traditions. UNESCO describes the Bauls as mystic minstrels whose music and spiritual philosophy have influenced Bengali culture. Baul songs were placed on UNESCO's Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2008.[74]

Other Bangladeshi cultural traditions recognized by UNESCO include Jamdani weaving, Mangal Shobhajatra on Pahela Baishakh, Shital Pati weaving, rickshaws and rickshaw painting in Dhaka, and the traditional saree-weaving art of Tangail.[75]

Festivals

Pohela Boishakh, the Bengali New Year, is celebrated with cultural events, fairs, music and public gatherings. Mangal Shobhajatra, a procession associated with Bengali New Year celebrations in Dhaka, was inscribed on UNESCO's Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2016.[76]

Major religious festivals include Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha for Muslims, Durga Puja for Hindus, Buddha Purnima for Buddhists and Christmas for Christians.

Cuisine

Bangladeshi cuisine is strongly based on rice, fish, vegetables, lentils, meat and spices. Regional food traditions vary considerably. River and freshwater fish are common in many parts of the country, while coastal areas also have distinct seafood traditions.

Popular dishes include rice with fish curry, bhorta preparations, biryani, khichuri, pitha and a variety of sweets. Hilsa has an important place in Bengali food culture and is Bangladesh's national fish.

Architecture and heritage

Bangladesh's architectural heritage includes Buddhist monastic remains, Hindu temples, Islamic mosques, Mughal structures, colonial-period buildings and modern architecture.

The ruins at Paharpur contain the remains of the large Buddhist monastery known as Somapura Mahavihara. UNESCO describes it as an important intellectual and religious centre that influenced Buddhist architecture beyond Bengal.[77]

The Historic Mosque City of Bagerhat contains numerous Islamic monuments associated with the medieval settlement of Khalifatabad.[78]

In modern architecture, the Jatiya Sangsad Bhaban complex in Dhaka was designed by American architect Louis Kahn and serves as the seat of the national Parliament.

Media

Bangladesh has newspapers, television networks, radio broadcasters and online news organizations operating in Bangla and English. Television is a major source of news and entertainment, while internet and social-media use have expanded substantially.

The state broadcaster Bangladesh Television operates alongside numerous private television channels. Bangladesh Betar is the national state radio service.

The country's press includes Bangla-language and English-language newspapers as well as digital news platforms.

Sport

Cricket and football are among the most widely followed sports in Bangladesh.

Bangladesh became a Full Member of the International Cricket Council in 2000. The men's national cricket team played its first Test match against India in Dhaka in November 2000.[79]

Bangladesh competes internationally in Test, One Day International and Twenty20 cricket. The country has also hosted major international cricket tournaments.

Football has a long history in Bangladesh and is played throughout the country. Other sports include field hockey, kabaddi, athletics, shooting, archery and badminton. Kabaddi is recognized as the national sport.

National symbols

The national flag of Bangladesh has a green field with a red disc positioned slightly toward the hoist. The Constitution recognizes the national flag and specifies Amar Sonar Bangla as the national anthem.[80]

The national emblem consists of a water lily resting on water and bordered by rice sheaves, with jute leaves and stars above it.[81]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Bangladesh. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  2. ↑ Bangladesh country profile. United Nations Data. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  3. ↑ Bangladesh Data. World Bank. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  4. ↑ The Prime Minister and the Cabinet. The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, Laws of Bangladesh, Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  5. ↑ President meets Coast Guard Director General. Office of the President of Bangladesh, 20 September 2026. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  6. ↑ PM prioritises Bangladesh's interests, dignity in UNGA engagements. Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha, 22 September 2026. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  7. ↑ Article 65: Establishment of Parliament. The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, Laws of Bangladesh. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  8. ↑ The South Asian crisis and the founding of Bangladesh, 1971. Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  9. ↑ The South Asian crisis and the founding of Bangladesh, 1971. Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  10. ↑ Article 3: The state language. The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, Laws of Bangladesh. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  11. ↑ Article 2A: The state religion. The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, Laws of Bangladesh. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  12. ↑ Diversifying Exports for Better Jobs in Bangladesh. World Bank, 26 February 2026. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  13. ↑ Key Highlights: Country Climate and Development Report for Bangladesh. World Bank, 31 October 2022. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  14. ↑ Political Geography. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  15. ↑ Pala Dynasty. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  16. ↑ Islam, Bengal. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  17. ↑ Colonial Period. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  18. ↑ Partition Politics. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  19. ↑ Bangladesh. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  20. ↑ International Mother Language Day. UNESCO. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  21. ↑ International Mother Language Day. UNESCO. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  22. ↑ The South Asian crisis and the founding of Bangladesh, 1971. Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  23. ↑ The South Asian crisis and the founding of Bangladesh, 1971. Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  24. ↑ Document 383: Bangladesh and the 1971 conflict. Foreign Relations of the United States, Office of the Historian. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  25. ↑ The South Asian crisis and the founding of Bangladesh, 1971. Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  26. ↑ Bangladesh country profile. United Nations Data. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  27. ↑ Background Notes: Bangladesh — Political Conditions Since Independence. U.S. Department of State. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  28. ↑ Constitution. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  29. ↑ Bangladesh Nobel laureate Muhammad Yunus takes charge of caretaker government. Reuters, 8 August 2024. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  30. ↑ Bangladesh's BNP wins big in historic parliamentary election. Reuters, February 2026. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  31. ↑ Tarique Rahman starts office as Prime Minister. Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha, 18 February 2026. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  32. ↑ President meets family members of July martyr Mugdha. Office of the President of Bangladesh, 20 September 2026. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  33. ↑ Bangladesh. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  34. ↑ Bangladesh country profile. United Nations Data. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  35. ↑ Bangladesh. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  36. ↑ Key Highlights: Country Climate and Development Report for Bangladesh. World Bank, 31 October 2022. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  37. ↑ Key Highlights: Country Climate and Development Report for Bangladesh. World Bank, 31 October 2022. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  38. ↑ The Sundarbans. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  39. ↑ Bangladesh — Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  40. ↑ Part I: The Republic. The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, Laws of Bangladesh. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  41. ↑ Article 48: The President. The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, Laws of Bangladesh. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  42. ↑ Article 55: The Cabinet. The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, Laws of Bangladesh. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  43. ↑ President on the role of engineering and technology universities. Office of the President of Bangladesh, 16 September 2026. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  44. ↑ PM off to New York to attend 81st UNGA session. Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha, 21 September 2026. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  45. ↑ Article 65: Establishment of Parliament. The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, Laws of Bangladesh. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  46. ↑ Key persons of the 13th Parliament. Bangladesh Parliament. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  47. ↑ Key persons of the 13th Parliament. Bangladesh Parliament. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  48. ↑ Division and district information. Bangladesh National Portal. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  49. ↑ Division and district information. Bangladesh National Portal. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  50. ↑ Bangladesh country profile. United Nations Data. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  51. ↑ Our member countries. Commonwealth Secretariat. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  52. ↑ Member States. Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  53. ↑ About SAARC. SAARC Secretariat. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  54. ↑ History of BIMSTEC. BIMSTEC Secretariat. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  55. ↑ Bangladesh. United Nations Peacekeeping. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  56. ↑ Bangladesh. United Nations Peacekeeping. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  57. ↑ Bangladesh Data. World Bank. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  58. ↑ Diversifying Exports for Better Jobs in Bangladesh. World Bank, 26 February 2026. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  59. ↑ Bangladesh Data. World Bank. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  60. ↑ Urgent reforms needed to restore macro stability, sustain growth and create jobs in Bangladesh. World Bank, 8 April 2026. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  61. ↑ Human Development Report 2025. United Nations Development Programme. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  62. ↑ Building bridges in Bangladesh. World Bank, 24 June 2022. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  63. ↑ Bangladesh Data. World Bank. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  64. ↑ Bangladesh country profile. United Nations Data. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  65. ↑ Article 3: The state language. The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, Laws of Bangladesh. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  66. ↑ International Mother Language Day. UNESCO. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  67. ↑ Article 2A: The state religion. The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, Laws of Bangladesh. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  68. ↑ Population and Housing Census 2022: Preliminary Report. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  69. ↑ Population and Housing Census 2022: Preliminary Report. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  70. ↑ Population and Housing Census 2022: Preliminary Report. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  71. ↑ Bangladesh Data. World Bank. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  72. ↑ Article 4: National anthem, flag and emblem. The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, Laws of Bangladesh. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  73. ↑ Article 4: National anthem, flag and emblem. The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, Laws of Bangladesh. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  74. ↑ Baul songs. UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  75. ↑ Bangladesh — Elements on the Lists of Intangible Cultural Heritage. UNESCO. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  76. ↑ Mangal Shobhajatra on Pahela Baishakh. UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  77. ↑ Ruins of the Buddhist Vihara at Paharpur. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  78. ↑ Historic Mosque City of Bagerhat. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  79. ↑ Taking Their Bow — Bangladesh, 2000. International Cricket Council. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  80. ↑ Article 4: National anthem, flag and emblem. The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, Laws of Bangladesh. Accessed 24 September 2026.
  81. ↑ Article 4: National anthem, flag and emblem. The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, Laws of Bangladesh. Accessed 24 September 2026.
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