Contents

Algeria: Difference between revisions

Newer edit →

HumptyDumpty (talk | contribs)

63 edits
VisualWikitext
Created page with "{{Infobox country | name = Algeria | official_name = People's Democratic Republic of Algeria | native_name = الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية | image_flag = Flag of Algeria.svg | image_map = Algeria (centered orthographic projection).svg | capital = Algiers | largest_city = Algiers | official_languages = Arabic; Tamazight<ref name="constitution">[https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Alge..."
 
No edit summary
Line 7: Line 7:
| capital = [[Algiers]]
| capital = [[Algiers]]
| largest_city = [[Algiers]]
| largest_city = [[Algiers]]
| official_languages = [[Arabic language|Arabic]]; [[Tamazight]]<ref name="constitution">[https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Algeria_2020 Algeria 2020 Constitution]. Constitute Project. Accessed 23 September 2026.</ref>
| official_languages = [[Arabic language|Arabic]]; [[Tamazight]]
| religion = [[Islam]] (state religion)<ref name="constitution" />
| religion = [[Islam]] (state religion)
| demonym = Algerian
| demonym = Algerian
| government = Unitary republic<ref name="constitution" />
| government = Unitary republic
| president = [[Abdelmadjid Tebboune]]<ref name="election2024">[https://cour-constitutionnelle.dz/category/proclamations-de-la-cour-par-annee/ Final results of the presidential election of 7 September 2024]. Constitutional Court of Algeria. 14 September 2024. Accessed 23 September 2026.</ref>
| president = [[Abdelmadjid Tebboune]]
| prime_minister = [[Sifi Ghrieb]]<ref name="pm2026">[https://www.aps.dz/en/algeria/national-news/mu5gcvly-government-meeting-reviews-implementation-of-president-tebboune-s-latest-council-of-ministers-decisions Government meeting reviews implementation of President Tebboune's latest Council of Ministers decisions]. Algérie Presse Service. 17 September 2026. Accessed 23 September 2026.</ref>
| prime_minister = [[Sifi Ghrieb]]
| legislature = [[Parliament of Algeria|Parliament]]
| legislature = [[Parliament of Algeria|Parliament]]
| upper_house = [[Council of the Nation]]
| upper_house = [[Council of the Nation]]
Line 18: Line 18:
| sovereignty_type = Independence from [[France]]
| sovereignty_type = Independence from [[France]]
| established_event1 = Independence proclaimed
| established_event1 = Independence proclaimed
| established_date1 = 5 July 1962<ref name="historyMFA">[https://mfa.gov.dz/discover-algeria/history-of-algeria History of Algeria]. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and National Community Abroad, Algeria. Accessed 23 September 2026.</ref>
| established_date1 = 5 July 1962
| area_km2 = 2,381,741<ref name="undata">[https://data.un.org/en/iso/dz.html Algeria]. UNData, United Nations Statistics Division. Accessed 23 September 2026.</ref>
| area_km2 = 2,381,741
| population_estimate = 47,435,312<ref name="undata" />
| population_estimate = 47,435,312
| population_estimate_year = 2025
| population_estimate_year = 2025
| population_density_km2 = 19.9<ref name="undata" />
| population_density_km2 = 19.9
| currency = [[Algerian dinar]]
| currency = [[Algerian dinar]]
| currency_code = DZD<ref name="undata" />
| currency_code = DZD
}}
}}


'''Algeria''' (Arabic: '''الجزائر'''; Tamazight: '''Dzayer'''), officially the '''People's Democratic Republic of Algeria''', is a country in [[North Africa]] and part of the [[Maghreb]]. It has a coast on the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and shares land borders with [[Tunisia]], [[Libya]], [[Niger]], [[Mali]], [[Mauritania]], [[Western Sahara]] and [[Morocco]]. With an area of 2,381,741 square kilometres, Algeria is the largest country in Africa by area.<ref name="about">[https://mfa.gov.dz/discover-algeria/about-algeria About Algeria]. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and National Community Abroad, Algeria. Accessed 23 September 2026.</ref><ref name="undata" />
'''Algeria''' (Arabic: '''الجزائر'''; Tamazight: '''Dzayer'''), officially the '''People's Democratic Republic of Algeria''', is a country in [[North Africa]] and part of the [[Maghreb]]. It has a coast on the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and shares land borders with [[Tunisia]], [[Libya]], [[Niger]], [[Mali]], [[Mauritania]], [[Western Sahara]] and [[Morocco]]. With an area of 2,381,741 square kilometres, Algeria is the largest country in Africa by area.<ref name="about">[https://mfa.gov.dz/discover-algeria/about-algeria About Algeria]. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and National Community Abroad, Algeria. Accessed 23 September 2026.</ref>


The capital and largest city is [[Algiers]]. The United Nations estimated Algeria's population at about 47.4 million in 2025.<ref name="undata" /> Arabic and Tamazight are the country's official languages, while Islam is constitutionally defined as the religion of the state.<ref name="constitution" /> Most of the population lives in the northern part of the country, while the [[Sahara]] covers about 85% of Algeria's territory.<ref name="about" /><ref name="iea">[https://www.iea.org/reports/national-climate-resilience-assessment-for-algeria National Climate Resilience Assessment for Algeria]. International Energy Agency. Accessed 23 September 2026.</ref>
The capital and largest city is [[Algiers]]. The United Nations estimated Algeria's population at about 47.4 million in 2025.<ref name="undata">[https://data.un.org/en/iso/dz.html Algeria]. UNData, United Nations Statistics Division. Accessed 23 September 2026.</ref> Arabic and Tamazight are the country's official languages, while Islam is constitutionally defined as the religion of the state.<ref name="constitution">[https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Algeria_2020 Algeria's Constitution of 2020]. Constitute Project. Accessed 23 September 2026.</ref> Most of the population lives in the northern part of the country, while the [[Sahara]] covers most of Algeria's territory.<ref name="iea">[https://www.iea.org/reports/national-climate-resilience-assessment-for-algeria National Climate Resilience Assessment for Algeria]. International Energy Agency. Accessed 23 September 2026.</ref>


The territory of modern Algeria has been home to prehistoric communities, ancient [[Numidia|Numidian]] kingdoms, Roman provinces, medieval Muslim states and the Ottoman Regency of Algiers. France began its conquest in 1830 and ruled Algeria until the twentieth-century independence struggle. The [[Algerian War]] began in 1954, the Évian Agreements were signed in March 1962 and independence was proclaimed on 5 July 1962.<ref name="historyMFA" /><ref name="stateHistory">[https://history.state.gov/countries/algeria Algeria]. Office of the Historian, United States Department of State. Accessed 23 September 2026.</ref>
The territory of modern Algeria has been home to prehistoric communities, ancient [[Numidia|Numidian]] kingdoms, Roman provinces, medieval Muslim states and the Ottoman Regency of Algiers. France began its conquest in 1830 and ruled Algeria until the twentieth-century independence struggle. The [[Algerian War]] began in 1954, the Évian Agreements were signed in March 1962 and Algeria became independent in July 1962.


Algeria's economy has long been strongly influenced by its oil and natural-gas resources. Hydrocarbons remain important to exports and government revenue, while economic policy has increasingly emphasized diversification, investment, mining, agriculture and private-sector development.<ref name="imf2026">[https://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2026/09/21/pr26290-algeria-imf-concludes-2026-aiv-consultation IMF Executive Board Concludes 2026 Article IV Consultation with Algeria]. International Monetary Fund. 21 September 2026. Accessed 23 September 2026.</ref>
Algeria's economy has long been strongly influenced by its oil and natural-gas resources. Hydrocarbons remain important to exports and government revenue, while economic policy has increasingly emphasized diversification, investment, mining, agriculture and private-sector development.<ref name="imf2026">[https://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2026/09/21/pr26290-algeria-imf-concludes-2026-aiv-consultation IMF Executive Board Concludes 2026 Article IV Consultation with Algeria]. International Monetary Fund. 21 September 2026. Accessed 23 September 2026.</ref>
Line 37: Line 37:
== Name ==
== Name ==


The country's English name, ''Algeria'', ultimately derives from the name of its capital, [[Algiers]]. The Arabic name ''al-Jazā'ir'' means "the islands" and historically referred to small islands or rocky outcrops near Algiers.<ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/places/africa/algerian-political-geography/algeria Algeria]. Encyclopedia.com. Accessed 23 September 2026.</ref> The country's constitutional and official long-form name is the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria.<ref name="constitution" />
The country's English name, ''Algeria'', ultimately derives from the name of its capital, [[Algiers]]. The Arabic name ''al-Jazā'ir'' means "the islands" and historically referred to small islands or rocky outcrops near Algiers.<ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/places/africa/algerian-political-geography/algeria Algeria]. Encyclopedia.com. Accessed 23 September 2026.</ref> The country's constitutional long-form name is the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria.<ref name="constitution" />


== Geography and climate ==
== Geography and climate ==


Algeria occupies a large part of northwestern Africa. Its territory can be broadly divided into three physical zones: the Mediterranean coastal region and [[Tell Atlas]] in the north, the High Plateaus and Saharan Atlas in the interior, and the vast Sahara in the south.<ref name="about" /> The northern belt contains most of the country's fertile land, major cities and population, while the desert interior is much more sparsely populated.<ref name="about" /><ref name="iea" />
Algeria occupies a large part of northwestern Africa. Its territory can be broadly divided into the Mediterranean coastal region and [[Tell Atlas]] in the north, the High Plateaus and Saharan Atlas in the interior, and the vast Sahara in the south.<ref name="about" /> The northern belt contains most of the country's population, major cities and productive agricultural land, while the desert interior is much more sparsely populated.<ref name="iea" />


The northern coast has a Mediterranean climate, generally characterized by hot, dry summers and cooler, wetter winters. The High Plateaus and Saharan Atlas form a semi-arid transition between the coast and the desert. Southern Algeria has an arid desert climate with very low and irregular rainfall and large temperature variations.<ref name="iea" />
The northern coast has a Mediterranean climate, generally characterized by hot, dry summers and cooler, wetter winters. The High Plateaus and Saharan Atlas form a semi-arid transition between the coast and the desert. Southern Algeria has an arid desert climate with very low and irregular rainfall and large variations in temperature.<ref name="iea" />


The International Energy Agency estimates that about 85% of Algeria's land area is desert and that less than 3% of the national territory is cultivable. More than 90% of the population lives in the more densely settled northern coastal zone.<ref name="iea" /> Mountain ranges include the Tell Atlas, Saharan Atlas, [[Aurès Mountains]] and the [[Hoggar Mountains]]. The Sahara also contains extensive sand seas, rocky plateaus, oases and the distinctive formations of [[Tassili n'Ajjer]].<ref name="about" />
The International Energy Agency reports that about 85% of Algeria's land area is desert and that less than 3% of the national territory is cultivable. More than 90% of the population lives in the more densely settled northern part of the country.<ref name="iea" />


Algiers lies on the Mediterranean coast in the north-central part of the country. Other major urban centres include [[Oran]], [[Constantine]], [[Annaba]], [[Blida]], [[Sétif]] and [[Batna]].<ref name="about" />
Mountain ranges include the Tell Atlas, Saharan Atlas, [[Aurès Mountains]] and the [[Hoggar Mountains]]. The Sahara also contains extensive sand seas, rocky plateaus, oases and the distinctive geological formations of [[Tassili n'Ajjer]].<ref name="about" />
 
Algiers lies on the Mediterranean coast in the north-central part of the country. Other important urban centres include [[Oran]], [[Constantine]], [[Annaba]], [[Blida]], [[Sétif]] and [[Batna]].<ref name="about" />


== History ==
== History ==
Line 53: Line 55:
=== Prehistory and antiquity ===
=== Prehistory and antiquity ===


Human occupation of the region extends far into prehistory. Archaeological traditions represented in present-day Algeria include the Aterian and Capsian cultures, while prehistoric rock art in the Sahara, particularly at Tassili n'Ajjer, provides evidence of earlier environments and human communities in what is now desert.<ref name="historyMFA" />
Human occupation of the region extends far into prehistory. Archaeological traditions represented in present-day Algeria include the Aterian and Capsian cultures. Prehistoric rock art in the Sahara, particularly at Tassili n'Ajjer, provides evidence of earlier environments and human communities in areas that are now desert.<ref name="historyMFA">[https://mfa.gov.dz/discover-algeria/history-of-algeria History of Algeria]. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and National Community Abroad, Algeria. Accessed 23 September 2026.</ref>


Phoenician traders established settlements along the North African coast, and the region later became connected to [[Carthage]]. During the third and second centuries BC, several [[Numidia|Numidian kingdoms]] developed under rulers including Syphax, Massinissa and Jugurtha. Rome gradually expanded into the region, and Numidia became a Roman province in 46 BC.<ref name="historyMFA" />
Phoenician traders established settlements along the North African coast, and the region later became connected to [[Carthage]]. During the third and second centuries BC, several [[Numidia|Numidian kingdoms]] developed under rulers including Syphax, Massinissa and Jugurtha. Rome gradually expanded into the region, and Numidia became a Roman province in 46 BC.<ref name="historyMFA" />
Line 63: Line 65:
Arab-Muslim expansion reached the region during the seventh century. Islam became deeply established, while Arabic gradually became an important language alongside indigenous Amazigh languages. A succession of states and dynasties subsequently governed different parts of the territory, including the Rustamids, Fatimids, Zirids, Hammadids, Almoravids, Almohads and Zayyanids.<ref name="historyMFA" />
Arab-Muslim expansion reached the region during the seventh century. Islam became deeply established, while Arabic gradually became an important language alongside indigenous Amazigh languages. A succession of states and dynasties subsequently governed different parts of the territory, including the Rustamids, Fatimids, Zirids, Hammadids, Almoravids, Almohads and Zayyanids.<ref name="historyMFA" />


These centuries linked the territory of present-day Algeria with political, religious and commercial networks stretching across the Maghreb, the Sahara, the Mediterranean and the wider Islamic world.
These centuries linked the territory of present-day Algeria with political, religious and commercial networks across the Maghreb, Sahara, Mediterranean and wider Islamic world.


=== Ottoman period ===
=== Ottoman period ===
Line 69: Line 71:
In the early sixteenth century, Algiers became associated with the [[Ottoman Empire]] as local forces sought support against Spanish expansion along the North African coast. In 1518, Khayr al-Din Barbarossa placed Algiers under the protection of the Ottoman sultan.<ref name="historyMFA" />
In the early sixteenth century, Algiers became associated with the [[Ottoman Empire]] as local forces sought support against Spanish expansion along the North African coast. In 1518, Khayr al-Din Barbarossa placed Algiers under the protection of the Ottoman sultan.<ref name="historyMFA" />


Over time, the Regency of Algiers developed considerable autonomy while formally remaining under Ottoman sovereignty. Governance passed through periods led by beylerbeys, pashas, aghas and eventually deys. The dey-led political order lasted until the French invasion in 1830.<ref name="historyMFA" /><ref name="stateHistory" />
Over time, the Regency of Algiers developed considerable autonomy while formally remaining under Ottoman sovereignty. Governance passed through periods led by beylerbeys, pashas, aghas and eventually deys. The dey-led political order continued until the French invasion in 1830.<ref name="historyMFA" /><ref name="stateHistory">[https://history.state.gov/countries/algeria Algeria]. Office of the Historian, United States Department of State. Accessed 23 September 2026.</ref>


=== French conquest and colonial rule ===
=== French conquest and colonial rule ===
Line 79: Line 81:
Algerian nationalist movements expanded during the first half of the twentieth century. On 1 November 1954, the [[National Liberation Front]] launched an armed uprising against French rule, beginning the Algerian War of Independence.<ref name="historyMFA" />
Algerian nationalist movements expanded during the first half of the twentieth century. On 1 November 1954, the [[National Liberation Front]] launched an armed uprising against French rule, beginning the Algerian War of Independence.<ref name="historyMFA" />


The conflict continued until negotiations produced the [[Évian Accords]] on 18 March 1962 and a ceasefire the following day. Algerians voted in a self-determination referendum on 1 July. France formally recognized Algerian independence on 3 July, and Algeria celebrates 5 July 1962 as the date on which independence was proclaimed.<ref name="historyMFA" /><ref name="stateHistory" />
The conflict continued until negotiations produced the [[Évian Accords]] on 18 March 1962 and a ceasefire the following day. Algerians voted in a self-determination referendum on 1 July. France recognized Algerian independence on 3 July, and Algeria commemorates 5 July 1962 as Independence Day.<ref name="historyMFA" /><ref name="stateHistory" />


=== Independent Algeria ===
=== Independent Algeria ===
Line 89: Line 91:
A new constitution adopted in 1989 permitted political organizations outside the FLN and opened a period of competitive politics. The [[Islamic Salvation Front]] performed strongly in local elections and in the first round of the 1991 legislative election. In January 1992, the second round was cancelled amid intervention by the military establishment, and President Chadli Bendjedid resigned. Algeria subsequently entered a prolonged period of violence involving state security forces and armed Islamist groups.<ref name="state1992">[https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/algeria/94631.htm Algeria Background Note]. United States Department of State. October 2007. Accessed 23 September 2026.</ref>
A new constitution adopted in 1989 permitted political organizations outside the FLN and opened a period of competitive politics. The [[Islamic Salvation Front]] performed strongly in local elections and in the first round of the 1991 legislative election. In January 1992, the second round was cancelled amid intervention by the military establishment, and President Chadli Bendjedid resigned. Algeria subsequently entered a prolonged period of violence involving state security forces and armed Islamist groups.<ref name="state1992">[https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/algeria/94631.htm Algeria Background Note]. United States Department of State. October 2007. Accessed 23 September 2026.</ref>


Multiparty parliamentary elections resumed in 1997. [[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]] became president in 1999 and remained in office for four terms. In early 2019, large nationwide demonstrations developed after he sought another term. Bouteflika resigned on 2 April 2019 after weeks of protests and increasing pressure from the military leadership.<ref name="bouteflika">[https://www.euronews.com/2019/04/02/in-algiers-students-march-to-demand-immediate-end-to-bouteflika-rule Algerian leader Bouteflika quits after mass protests]. Reuters via Euronews. 2 April 2019. Accessed 23 September 2026.</ref>
Multiparty parliamentary elections resumed in 1997. [[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]] became president in 1999 and remained in office for four terms. In early 2019, large nationwide demonstrations developed after he sought another term. Bouteflika resigned on 2 April 2019 after weeks of protests and increasing political pressure.<ref>[https://www.euronews.com/2019/04/02/in-algiers-students-march-to-demand-immediate-end-to-bouteflika-rule Algerian leader Bouteflika quits after mass protests]. Reuters via Euronews. 2 April 2019. Accessed 23 September 2026.</ref>
 
The protest movement, commonly known as the [[Hirak movement|Hirak]], continued to call for broader political change after Bouteflika's departure. Algeria adopted a revised constitution in 2020.<ref name="constitution" />


The protest movement, commonly known as the [[Hirak movement|Hirak]], continued to call for broader political change after Bouteflika's departure. Algeria adopted a revised constitution in 2020.<ref name="constitution" /> Abdelmadjid Tebboune, who became president in 2019, was proclaimed elected to a second term by the Constitutional Court following the presidential election of 7 September 2024.<ref name="election2024" />
[[Abdelmadjid Tebboune]], who first became president in 2019, was proclaimed elected to a second term by the Constitutional Court following the presidential election of 7 September 2024. The court's final results gave Tebboune 7,976,291 votes, or 84.30% of valid votes cast.<ref name="election2024">[https://cour-constitutionnelle.dz/category/proclamations-de-la-cour-par-annee/ Proclamation No. 09/P.C.C/24 of 14 September 2024 on the final results of the presidential election]. Constitutional Court of Algeria. 14 September 2024. Accessed 23 September 2026.</ref>


== Government and politics ==
== Government and politics ==


Algeria's constitutional system is based on the 2020 Constitution. The constitution describes Algeria as a People's Democratic Republic that is "one and indivisible". The president is elected by direct universal suffrage for a five-year term, and no person may serve more than two presidential terms, whether consecutive or separate.<ref name="constitution" />
Algeria's constitutional system is based on the Constitution adopted in 2020. The constitution describes Algeria as a People's Democratic Republic that is one and indivisible. The president is elected by direct universal suffrage for a five-year term. The constitution limits an individual to two presidential terms, whether consecutive or separate.<ref name="constitution" />


The president is head of state, chairs the Council of Ministers, directs national foreign policy and serves as commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The constitutional system also provides for a prime minister or head of government who oversees the government's programme according to the political circumstances set out in the constitution.<ref name="constitution" />
The president is head of state, chairs the Council of Ministers, directs national foreign policy and serves as commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The constitutional system also provides for a prime minister or head of government responsible for coordinating the government's programme under the arrangements established by the constitution.<ref name="constitution" />


As of September 2026, [[Abdelmadjid Tebboune]] is president and [[Sifi Ghrieb]] is prime minister.<ref name="election2024" /><ref name="pm2026" />
As of September 2026, [[Abdelmadjid Tebboune]] is president of Algeria.<ref name="election2024" /> [[Sifi Ghrieb]] is prime minister.<ref name="pm2026">[https://www.aps.dz/en/algeria/national-news/mu5gcvly-government-meeting-reviews-implementation-of-president-tebboune-s-latest-council-of-ministers-decisions Government meeting reviews implementation of President Tebboune's latest Council of Ministers decisions]. Algérie Presse Service. 17 September 2026. Accessed 23 September 2026.</ref>


Legislative authority is exercised through a bicameral parliament consisting of the [[People's National Assembly]] and the [[Council of the Nation]]. Members of the People's National Assembly are chosen by direct and secret universal suffrage for five-year terms. Two-thirds of the Council of the Nation are indirectly elected from local assemblies, while the president appoints the remaining third. Council of the Nation members serve six-year terms, with half of the chamber renewed every three years.<ref name="constitution" />
Legislative authority is exercised through a bicameral parliament consisting of the [[People's National Assembly]] and the [[Council of the Nation]]. Members of the People's National Assembly are chosen by direct and secret universal suffrage. Two-thirds of the Council of the Nation are indirectly elected from local assemblies, while the president appoints the remaining third.<ref name="constitution" />


The People's National Assembly has 407 seats. The latest full election for the chamber was held on 2 July 2026.<ref>[https://data.ipu.org/parliament/DZ/DZ-LC01/election/DZ-LC01-E20260702/ Algeria National People's Assembly July 2026 Election]. IPU Parline, Inter-Parliamentary Union. Accessed 23 September 2026.</ref>
The People's National Assembly has 407 seats. Its latest election was held on 2 July 2026. According to the Inter-Parliamentary Union, 5,071,020 of 23,872,756 registered voters participated, producing a turnout of 21.2%. Three parties identified by the IPU as pro-government — the National Liberation Front, National Democratic Rally and El-Moustakbel Front — won a combined 221 seats.<ref name="ipu2026">[https://data.ipu.org/parliament/DZ/DZ-LC01/election/DZ-LC01-E20260702/ Algeria National People's Assembly July 2026 Election]. IPU Parline, Inter-Parliamentary Union. Accessed 23 September 2026.</ref>


=== Administrative organization ===
=== Administrative organization ===


Algeria's first-level territorial divisions are known as ''wilayas'', commonly translated as provinces. A new territorial organization law published in April 2026 established a division of the country into 69 wilayas, increasing the previous number through the elevation of eleven administrative districts.<ref name="wilayas2026">[https://www.aps.dz/en/algeria/national-news/mnn2awtt-law-on-algeria-s-new-territorial-organization-published Law on Algeria's new territorial organization published]. Algérie Presse Service. 6 April 2026. Accessed 23 September 2026.</ref>
Algeria's first-level territorial divisions are known as ''wilayas'', commonly translated as provinces. A territorial organization law published in April 2026 established a division of the country into 69 wilayas.<ref name="wilayas2026">[https://www.aps.dz/en/algeria/national-news/mnn2awtt-law-on-algeria-s-new-territorial-organization-published Law on Algeria's new territorial organization published]. Algérie Presse Service. 6 April 2026. Accessed 23 September 2026.</ref>


The wilayas are subdivided into smaller administrative units and communes. Local administration links elected communal and provincial bodies with representatives of the central state.
The wilayas are subdivided into smaller administrative units and communes. Local administration combines elected communal and provincial institutions with representatives of the central state.


== Foreign relations ==
== Foreign relations ==


Algeria became a member of the [[United Nations]] on 8 October 1962, shortly after independence.<ref name="unmember">[https://www.un.org/about-us/member-states Member States]. United Nations. Accessed 23 September 2026.</ref> It was among the African states that joined the [[Organisation of African Unity]] in 1963; the OAU was later succeeded by the [[African Union]].<ref name="au">[https://www.au.int/en/AU_Member_States Member States of the AU]. African Union. Accessed 23 September 2026.</ref>
Algeria became a member of the [[United Nations]] on 8 October 1962, shortly after independence.<ref>[https://www.un.org/about-us/member-states Member States]. United Nations. Accessed 23 September 2026.</ref>
 
It was among the African states that joined the [[Organisation of African Unity]] in 1963. The OAU was later succeeded by the [[African Union]], of which Algeria remains a member.<ref>[https://www.au.int/en/AU_Member_States Member States of the African Union]. African Union. Accessed 23 September 2026.</ref>


Algeria is also a member of the [[Arab League]] and joined the [[Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries]] in 1969. In 1989 it participated with other North African states in establishing the [[Arab Maghreb Union]].<ref name="about" />
Algeria is also a member of the [[Arab League]] and joined the [[Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries]] in 1969. In 1989 it participated with other North African states in establishing the [[Arab Maghreb Union]].<ref name="about" />


Its geographic position gives the country diplomatic and economic connections with the Mediterranean region, the Sahel, the Arab world and sub-Saharan Africa. Energy exports, regional security, African cooperation and Mediterranean relations form important parts of its international engagement.<ref name="about" /><ref name="imf2026" />
Its geographic position gives the country diplomatic and economic connections with the Mediterranean region, the Sahel, the Arab world and sub-Saharan Africa. Energy exports, regional security, African cooperation and Mediterranean relations are important parts of its international engagement.


== Economy and energy ==
== Economy ==


Algeria has a mixed economy in which the state retains an important role, particularly in energy and major infrastructure. Petroleum and natural gas have historically provided a substantial share of export earnings and public revenue.<ref name="iea" />
Algeria has a mixed economy in which the state retains an important role, particularly in energy and major infrastructure. Petroleum and natural gas have historically provided a substantial share of export earnings and public revenue.<ref name="iea" />


For the 2019–2023 period, the International Energy Agency calculated that hydrocarbons accounted for about 14% of gross domestic product, 86% of exports and 47% of government budget revenues. Most extraction takes place in the southern desert, with pipelines connecting producing areas to northern population centres, processing facilities and export terminals.<ref name="iea" />
For the 2019–2023 period, the International Energy Agency calculated that hydrocarbons accounted for about 14% of gross domestic product, 86% of exports and 47% of government budget revenues. Much of the country's hydrocarbon extraction takes place in the southern desert, with pipelines connecting producing areas to northern population centres, processing facilities and export terminals.<ref name="iea" />


The economy has also developed agriculture, manufacturing, construction, mining and service industries. Government economic programmes have increasingly emphasized non-hydrocarbon exports, mining, agriculture, infrastructure and private investment as part of efforts to reduce dependence on oil and gas.<ref name="imf2026" />
The economy also includes agriculture, manufacturing, construction, mining and service industries. Government economic programmes have increasingly emphasized non-hydrocarbon exports, mining, agriculture, infrastructure and private investment as part of efforts to reduce dependence on oil and gas.<ref name="imf2026" />


The International Monetary Fund estimated real GDP growth at 3.9% in 2025 after 3.7% in 2024 and projected growth of 3.8% for 2026. The IMF reported that public investment and non-hydrocarbon activity supported growth, while large fiscal deficits, increased imports and lower hydrocarbon exports in 2025 placed pressure on public finances and foreign-exchange reserves.<ref name="imf2026" />
The International Monetary Fund estimated real GDP growth at 3.9% in 2025 after 3.7% in 2024 and projected growth of 3.8% for 2026. The IMF reported that public investment and non-hydrocarbon activity supported growth, while large fiscal deficits, increased imports and lower hydrocarbon exports in 2025 placed pressure on public finances and foreign-exchange reserves.<ref name="imf2026" />


Energy remains strategically important. Algeria is a major producer and exporter of natural gas and oil and has extensive pipeline links with markets around the Mediterranean. The country has also expanded renewable-energy programmes, particularly solar power, to diversify electricity production and meet increasing domestic demand.<ref name="iea" />
== Energy ==
 
Algeria is a major producer and exporter of natural gas and oil. Its hydrocarbon infrastructure includes oil and gas fields in the Sahara, processing facilities, export terminals and pipelines linking Algeria with markets around the Mediterranean.<ref name="iea" />
 
Natural gas also plays an important role in domestic electricity production. At the same time, Algeria has developed renewable-energy programmes, particularly in solar power, as part of efforts to diversify electricity generation and meet rising domestic energy demand.<ref name="iea" />
 
The country's large desert areas provide substantial solar-energy potential, although development of renewable capacity requires investment in power generation, transmission systems and supporting infrastructure.<ref name="iea" />


== Population and society ==
== Population and society ==


UNData estimated Algeria's population at 47,435,312 in 2025, with an average population density of about 19.9 people per square kilometre.<ref name="undata" /> Population distribution is highly uneven because most of the national territory is desert. The overwhelming majority of inhabitants live in the northern coastal and highland regions, where the largest cities, agricultural areas and much of the country's infrastructure are located.<ref name="iea" />
UNData estimated Algeria's population at 47,435,312 in 2025, with an average population density of about 19.9 people per square kilometre.<ref name="undata" /> Population distribution is highly uneven because most of the national territory is desert. The overwhelming majority of inhabitants live in northern coastal and highland regions, where the largest cities, agricultural areas and much of the country's infrastructure are located.<ref name="iea" />


Algerian society reflects both Arab and Amazigh historical and cultural traditions. Arabic and Tamazight have official status under the constitution. The constitution also directs the state to promote and develop Tamazight in its linguistic varieties used across the country.<ref name="constitution" />
Algerian society reflects both Arab and Amazigh historical and cultural traditions. Arabic and Tamazight have official status under the constitution. The constitution also directs the state to promote and develop Tamazight in its linguistic varieties used across the country.<ref name="constitution" />
Line 139: Line 151:
Islam is the religion of the state under Article 2 of the constitution.<ref name="constitution" /> Religious, linguistic and regional traditions vary across the country, including in Kabylie, the Aurès, the M'Zab, the Sahara and the major coastal cities.
Islam is the religion of the state under Article 2 of the constitution.<ref name="constitution" /> Religious, linguistic and regional traditions vary across the country, including in Kabylie, the Aurès, the M'Zab, the Sahara and the major coastal cities.


Life expectancy at birth was approximately 76 years in 2024, according to World Bank data.<ref name="worldbank">[https://data.worldbank.org/country/algeria Algeria]. World Bank Data. Accessed 23 September 2026.</ref>
Life expectancy at birth in Algeria was approximately 76 years in 2024, according to World Bank data.<ref>[https://data.worldbank.org/country/algeria Algeria]. World Bank Data. Accessed 23 September 2026.</ref>
 
== Languages ==
 
Arabic and Tamazight are the two official languages of Algeria.<ref name="constitution" /> Modern Standard Arabic is used in government, education, formal communication and media, while varieties of Algerian Arabic are widely spoken in everyday life.
 
Tamazight encompasses several Amazigh linguistic varieties spoken in different regions of Algeria. The constitution recognizes Tamazight as an official language and provides for its promotion and development.<ref name="constitution" />
 
French is also widely used in parts of business, higher education, science, media and everyday communication, reflecting Algeria's colonial history and long-standing cultural and economic links with the Francophone world.
 
== Religion ==
 
Islam is constitutionally recognized as the state religion.<ref name="constitution" /> The large majority of Algerians are Muslims, predominantly following Sunni Islam.
 
The country also contains smaller religious communities. Algeria's constitutional framework contains provisions concerning freedom of conscience and worship within the conditions established by law.<ref name="constitution" />
 
== Education ==
 
Algeria developed a large public education system after independence. Schooling expanded substantially during the second half of the twentieth century as the government sought to increase literacy and access to primary, secondary and higher education.
 
The higher-education system includes universities and specialized institutions located throughout the country. Arabic is important in the education system, while French continues to be used in some scientific, technical and medical fields.
 
Education policy has also been influenced by Algeria's multilingual environment and by efforts to strengthen the teaching and use of Tamazight.


== Culture and heritage ==
== Culture and heritage ==


Algerian culture developed through interaction among indigenous Amazigh traditions and influences associated with Arab-Islamic civilization, Mediterranean exchange, Ottoman rule and the colonial and post-colonial periods. Regional cultural traditions remain visible in architecture, music, clothing, crafts, oral traditions and local celebrations.
Algerian culture developed through interaction among indigenous Amazigh traditions and influences associated with Arab-Islamic civilization, Mediterranean exchange, Ottoman rule and the colonial and post-colonial periods. Regional traditions remain visible in architecture, music, clothing, crafts, oral traditions and local celebrations.


Algeria has seven properties inscribed on the [[UNESCO World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage List]]. Six are classified as cultural sites: Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad, Djémila, the Kasbah of Algiers, the M'Zab Valley, Timgad and Tipasa. [[Tassili n'Ajjer]] is listed as a mixed cultural and natural property.<ref name="unescoWH">[https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/dz Algeria]. UNESCO World Heritage Convention. Accessed 23 September 2026.</ref>
Algeria has seven properties inscribed on the [[UNESCO World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage List]]. Six are classified as cultural sites: Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad, Djémila, the Kasbah of Algiers, the M'Zab Valley, Timgad and Tipasa. [[Tassili n'Ajjer]] is listed as a mixed cultural and natural property.<ref name="unescoWH">[https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/dz Algeria]. UNESCO World Heritage Convention. Accessed 23 September 2026.</ref>


The country's archaeological heritage spans prehistoric Saharan rock art, Numidian and Roman settlements, medieval Islamic architecture and Ottoman urban districts. The [[Kasbah of Algiers]], the Roman cities of [[Timgad]] and [[Djémila]], and the settlements of the [[M'Zab Valley]] are among the best-known examples.<ref name="unescoWH" />
The country's archaeological heritage spans prehistoric Saharan rock art, Numidian and Roman settlements, medieval Islamic architecture and Ottoman urban districts. The [[Kasbah of Algiers]], Roman cities such as [[Timgad]] and [[Djémila]], and the settlements of the [[M'Zab Valley]] are among its best-known heritage sites.<ref name="unescoWH" />
 
=== Music ===
 
Music varies considerably by region. [[Raï]], which developed from popular musical traditions in western Algeria, became internationally known during the twentieth century. UNESCO inscribed "Raï, popular folk song of Algeria" on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2022.<ref>[https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/ra-popular-folk-song-of-algeria-01894 Raï, popular folk song of Algeria]. UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. Accessed 23 September 2026.</ref>
 
Other Algerian musical traditions include Andalusian-derived urban styles, Amazigh regional music, religious music and Saharan traditions. UNESCO also recognizes a range of Algerian cultural practices connected with craftsmanship, dress, ritual, music and oral heritage.<ref>[https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/algeria-DZ?info=elements-on-the-lists Algeria: Elements on the Lists of Intangible Cultural Heritage]. UNESCO. Accessed 23 September 2026.</ref>
 
== Cuisine ==
 
Algerian cuisine reflects the agricultural products and cultural traditions of the Mediterranean, Maghreb and Sahara. Common ingredients include grains, vegetables, legumes, meat, olive oil, herbs and spices.
 
Couscous is one of the best-known dishes and is prepared in many regional forms. Other foods include soups such as chorba, breads, stews, grilled meats and pastries. Culinary traditions vary considerably between coastal cities, mountain regions, the High Plateaus and Saharan communities.
 
== Literature ==
 
Algerian literature has developed in Arabic, Tamazight and French. Writers have addressed subjects including colonialism, independence, identity, language, social change, migration and political conflict.
 
Prominent writers associated with Algeria include [[Kateb Yacine]], [[Mouloud Feraoun]], [[Mohammed Dib]], [[Assia Djebar]] and [[Ahlam Mosteghanemi]]. Algerian literary traditions also include oral poetry, storytelling and Amazigh cultural expression.
 
== Sport ==
 
[[Football]] is the country's most widely followed sport. The [[Algeria national football team]] has won the [[Africa Cup of Nations]] twice, in 1990 and 2019.<ref>[https://www.cafonline.com/caf-africa-cup-of-nations/ Confederation of African Football – Africa Cup of Nations]. Confederation of African Football. Accessed 23 September 2026.</ref>


Music varies considerably by region. [[Raï]], which developed from popular musical traditions in western Algeria, became internationally known during the twentieth century. UNESCO inscribed "Raï, popular folk song of Algeria" on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2022.<ref name="rai">[https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/ra-popular-folk-song-of-algeria-01894 Raï, popular folk song of Algeria]. UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. Accessed 23 September 2026.</ref>
Algeria has also participated regularly in the [[Olympic Games]] and has produced international competitors in athletics, boxing, judo and other sports.


Other Algerian musical traditions include Andalusian-derived urban styles, Amazigh regional music, religious music and Saharan traditions. UNESCO also recognizes a range of Algerian practices connected with craftsmanship, dress, ritual, music and oral heritage.<ref>[https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/algeria-DZ?info=elements-on-the-lists Algeria: Elements on the Lists of Intangible Cultural Heritage]. UNESCO. Accessed 23 September 2026.</ref>
Major sporting venues are concentrated in cities including Algiers, Oran and Constantine.


== Environment and climate pressures ==
== Environment ==


Algeria's ecosystems range from Mediterranean forests and mountain environments in the north to steppe, salt lakes, oases and Saharan desert ecosystems farther south. Tassili n'Ajjer is especially notable for its geological formations, archaeological heritage and desert biodiversity.<ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179 Tassili n'Ajjer]. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Accessed 23 September 2026.</ref>
Algeria's ecosystems range from Mediterranean forests and mountain environments in the north to steppe, salt lakes, oases and Saharan desert ecosystems farther south. Tassili n'Ajjer is especially notable for its geological formations, archaeological heritage and desert environment.<ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179 Tassili n'Ajjer]. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Accessed 23 September 2026.</ref>


Water availability, extreme heat, drought and wildfire risk are major environmental concerns. Climate projections assessed by the International Energy Agency indicate that northern Algeria is likely to experience declining precipitation and increased exposure to drought and wildfire conditions, while higher temperatures are also expected to increase electricity demand for cooling and place additional stress on energy infrastructure.<ref name="iea" />
Water availability, extreme heat, drought and wildfire risk are major environmental concerns. Climate assessments by the International Energy Agency indicate that northern Algeria faces risks associated with declining precipitation, drought and wildfires, while rising temperatures are expected to increase electricity demand for cooling and place additional pressure on energy infrastructure.<ref name="iea" />


Because population, agriculture and infrastructure are concentrated in the north, climatic changes affecting the Mediterranean coastal region can have significant social and economic effects. Algeria has consequently expanded wildfire monitoring, disaster-response systems and renewable-energy investment.<ref name="iea" />
Because population, agriculture and infrastructure are concentrated mainly in the north, climatic changes affecting Mediterranean and semi-arid regions can have significant social and economic effects.<ref name="iea" />


== See also ==
== See also ==
Line 169: Line 225:
* [[Culture of Algeria]]
* [[Culture of Algeria]]
* [[Maghreb]]
* [[Maghreb]]
* [[North Africa]]
* [[Sahara]]
* [[Sahara]]


Line 180: Line 237:
* [https://data.un.org/en/iso/dz.html United Nations country data for Algeria]
* [https://data.un.org/en/iso/dz.html United Nations country data for Algeria]
* [https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/dz UNESCO World Heritage profile for Algeria]
* [https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/dz UNESCO World Heritage profile for Algeria]
* [https://www.au.int/ African Union]


[[Category:Algeria]]
[[Category:Algeria]]
Line 188: Line 246:
[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]
[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]
[[Category:African Union member states]]
[[Category:African Union member states]]
[[Category:Arab League member states]]
[[Category:OPEC member states]]
[[Category:OPEC member states]]

Revision as of 01:39, 23 September 2026

Algeria
Country


Official name
People's Democratic Republic of Algeria
Native name
الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية




Capital
Algiers
Largest city
Algiers



Official languages
Arabic; Tamazight


Demonym
Algerian
Government
Unitary republic



Legislature
Parliament








Currency
Algerian dinar(DZD)











Algeria (Arabic: الجزائر; Tamazight: Dzayer), officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in North Africa and part of the Maghreb. It has a coast on the Mediterranean Sea and shares land borders with Tunisia, Libya, Niger, Mali, Mauritania, Western Sahara and Morocco. With an area of 2,381,741 square kilometres, Algeria is the largest country in Africa by area.[1]

The capital and largest city is Algiers. The United Nations estimated Algeria's population at about 47.4 million in 2025.[2] Arabic and Tamazight are the country's official languages, while Islam is constitutionally defined as the religion of the state.[3] Most of the population lives in the northern part of the country, while the Sahara covers most of Algeria's territory.[4]

The territory of modern Algeria has been home to prehistoric communities, ancient Numidian kingdoms, Roman provinces, medieval Muslim states and the Ottoman Regency of Algiers. France began its conquest in 1830 and ruled Algeria until the twentieth-century independence struggle. The Algerian War began in 1954, the Évian Agreements were signed in March 1962 and Algeria became independent in July 1962.

Algeria's economy has long been strongly influenced by its oil and natural-gas resources. Hydrocarbons remain important to exports and government revenue, while economic policy has increasingly emphasized diversification, investment, mining, agriculture and private-sector development.[5]

Name

The country's English name, Algeria, ultimately derives from the name of its capital, Algiers. The Arabic name al-Jazā'ir means "the islands" and historically referred to small islands or rocky outcrops near Algiers.[6] The country's constitutional long-form name is the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria.[3]

Geography and climate

Algeria occupies a large part of northwestern Africa. Its territory can be broadly divided into the Mediterranean coastal region and Tell Atlas in the north, the High Plateaus and Saharan Atlas in the interior, and the vast Sahara in the south.[1] The northern belt contains most of the country's population, major cities and productive agricultural land, while the desert interior is much more sparsely populated.[4]

The northern coast has a Mediterranean climate, generally characterized by hot, dry summers and cooler, wetter winters. The High Plateaus and Saharan Atlas form a semi-arid transition between the coast and the desert. Southern Algeria has an arid desert climate with very low and irregular rainfall and large variations in temperature.[4]

The International Energy Agency reports that about 85% of Algeria's land area is desert and that less than 3% of the national territory is cultivable. More than 90% of the population lives in the more densely settled northern part of the country.[4]

Mountain ranges include the Tell Atlas, Saharan Atlas, Aurès Mountains and the Hoggar Mountains. The Sahara also contains extensive sand seas, rocky plateaus, oases and the distinctive geological formations of Tassili n'Ajjer.[1]

Algiers lies on the Mediterranean coast in the north-central part of the country. Other important urban centres include Oran, Constantine, Annaba, Blida, Sétif and Batna.[1]

History

Prehistory and antiquity

Human occupation of the region extends far into prehistory. Archaeological traditions represented in present-day Algeria include the Aterian and Capsian cultures. Prehistoric rock art in the Sahara, particularly at Tassili n'Ajjer, provides evidence of earlier environments and human communities in areas that are now desert.[7]

Phoenician traders established settlements along the North African coast, and the region later became connected to Carthage. During the third and second centuries BC, several Numidian kingdoms developed under rulers including Syphax, Massinissa and Jugurtha. Rome gradually expanded into the region, and Numidia became a Roman province in 46 BC.[7]

Roman rule left important cities and archaeological remains across northern Algeria. After the weakening of Roman authority, parts of North Africa came under Vandal rule in the fifth century and later under the Byzantine Empire.[7]

Islamic and medieval periods

Arab-Muslim expansion reached the region during the seventh century. Islam became deeply established, while Arabic gradually became an important language alongside indigenous Amazigh languages. A succession of states and dynasties subsequently governed different parts of the territory, including the Rustamids, Fatimids, Zirids, Hammadids, Almoravids, Almohads and Zayyanids.[7]

These centuries linked the territory of present-day Algeria with political, religious and commercial networks across the Maghreb, Sahara, Mediterranean and wider Islamic world.

Ottoman period

In the early sixteenth century, Algiers became associated with the Ottoman Empire as local forces sought support against Spanish expansion along the North African coast. In 1518, Khayr al-Din Barbarossa placed Algiers under the protection of the Ottoman sultan.[7]

Over time, the Regency of Algiers developed considerable autonomy while formally remaining under Ottoman sovereignty. Governance passed through periods led by beylerbeys, pashas, aghas and eventually deys. The dey-led political order continued until the French invasion in 1830.[7][8]

French conquest and colonial rule

France invaded Algiers in 1830 and gradually extended its control over the territory despite prolonged armed resistance. In 1848, France formally incorporated coastal Algeria into three French departments: Algiers, Oran and Constantine.[8]

Colonial rule transformed land ownership, political institutions, settlement patterns and the economy. Large numbers of European settlers established communities in Algeria, while the indigenous Muslim population lived under a different legal and political framework for much of the colonial period.[8]

Algerian nationalist movements expanded during the first half of the twentieth century. On 1 November 1954, the National Liberation Front launched an armed uprising against French rule, beginning the Algerian War of Independence.[7]

The conflict continued until negotiations produced the Évian Accords on 18 March 1962 and a ceasefire the following day. Algerians voted in a self-determination referendum on 1 July. France recognized Algerian independence on 3 July, and Algeria commemorates 5 July 1962 as Independence Day.[7][8]

Independent Algeria

A constituent assembly was elected in September 1962, and Ahmed Ben Bella became president in 1963. In June 1965, Defence Minister Houari Boumédiène removed Ben Bella and established a Revolutionary Council. Boumédiène remained Algeria's central political figure until his death in 1978.[7][9]

The post-independence state initially developed around the National Liberation Front as the dominant political organization and pursued a strong state role in economic development. Hydrocarbon resources were nationalized in 1971.[7]

A new constitution adopted in 1989 permitted political organizations outside the FLN and opened a period of competitive politics. The Islamic Salvation Front performed strongly in local elections and in the first round of the 1991 legislative election. In January 1992, the second round was cancelled amid intervention by the military establishment, and President Chadli Bendjedid resigned. Algeria subsequently entered a prolonged period of violence involving state security forces and armed Islamist groups.[10]

Multiparty parliamentary elections resumed in 1997. Abdelaziz Bouteflika became president in 1999 and remained in office for four terms. In early 2019, large nationwide demonstrations developed after he sought another term. Bouteflika resigned on 2 April 2019 after weeks of protests and increasing political pressure.[11]

The protest movement, commonly known as the Hirak, continued to call for broader political change after Bouteflika's departure. Algeria adopted a revised constitution in 2020.[3]

Abdelmadjid Tebboune, who first became president in 2019, was proclaimed elected to a second term by the Constitutional Court following the presidential election of 7 September 2024. The court's final results gave Tebboune 7,976,291 votes, or 84.30% of valid votes cast.[12]

Government and politics

Algeria's constitutional system is based on the Constitution adopted in 2020. The constitution describes Algeria as a People's Democratic Republic that is one and indivisible. The president is elected by direct universal suffrage for a five-year term. The constitution limits an individual to two presidential terms, whether consecutive or separate.[3]

The president is head of state, chairs the Council of Ministers, directs national foreign policy and serves as commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The constitutional system also provides for a prime minister or head of government responsible for coordinating the government's programme under the arrangements established by the constitution.[3]

As of September 2026, Abdelmadjid Tebboune is president of Algeria.[12] Sifi Ghrieb is prime minister.[13]

Legislative authority is exercised through a bicameral parliament consisting of the People's National Assembly and the Council of the Nation. Members of the People's National Assembly are chosen by direct and secret universal suffrage. Two-thirds of the Council of the Nation are indirectly elected from local assemblies, while the president appoints the remaining third.[3]

The People's National Assembly has 407 seats. Its latest election was held on 2 July 2026. According to the Inter-Parliamentary Union, 5,071,020 of 23,872,756 registered voters participated, producing a turnout of 21.2%. Three parties identified by the IPU as pro-government — the National Liberation Front, National Democratic Rally and El-Moustakbel Front — won a combined 221 seats.[14]

Administrative organization

Algeria's first-level territorial divisions are known as wilayas, commonly translated as provinces. A territorial organization law published in April 2026 established a division of the country into 69 wilayas.[15]

The wilayas are subdivided into smaller administrative units and communes. Local administration combines elected communal and provincial institutions with representatives of the central state.

Foreign relations

Algeria became a member of the United Nations on 8 October 1962, shortly after independence.[16]

It was among the African states that joined the Organisation of African Unity in 1963. The OAU was later succeeded by the African Union, of which Algeria remains a member.[17]

Algeria is also a member of the Arab League and joined the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries in 1969. In 1989 it participated with other North African states in establishing the Arab Maghreb Union.[1]

Its geographic position gives the country diplomatic and economic connections with the Mediterranean region, the Sahel, the Arab world and sub-Saharan Africa. Energy exports, regional security, African cooperation and Mediterranean relations are important parts of its international engagement.

Economy

Algeria has a mixed economy in which the state retains an important role, particularly in energy and major infrastructure. Petroleum and natural gas have historically provided a substantial share of export earnings and public revenue.[4]

For the 2019–2023 period, the International Energy Agency calculated that hydrocarbons accounted for about 14% of gross domestic product, 86% of exports and 47% of government budget revenues. Much of the country's hydrocarbon extraction takes place in the southern desert, with pipelines connecting producing areas to northern population centres, processing facilities and export terminals.[4]

The economy also includes agriculture, manufacturing, construction, mining and service industries. Government economic programmes have increasingly emphasized non-hydrocarbon exports, mining, agriculture, infrastructure and private investment as part of efforts to reduce dependence on oil and gas.[5]

The International Monetary Fund estimated real GDP growth at 3.9% in 2025 after 3.7% in 2024 and projected growth of 3.8% for 2026. The IMF reported that public investment and non-hydrocarbon activity supported growth, while large fiscal deficits, increased imports and lower hydrocarbon exports in 2025 placed pressure on public finances and foreign-exchange reserves.[5]

Energy

Algeria is a major producer and exporter of natural gas and oil. Its hydrocarbon infrastructure includes oil and gas fields in the Sahara, processing facilities, export terminals and pipelines linking Algeria with markets around the Mediterranean.[4]

Natural gas also plays an important role in domestic electricity production. At the same time, Algeria has developed renewable-energy programmes, particularly in solar power, as part of efforts to diversify electricity generation and meet rising domestic energy demand.[4]

The country's large desert areas provide substantial solar-energy potential, although development of renewable capacity requires investment in power generation, transmission systems and supporting infrastructure.[4]

Population and society

UNData estimated Algeria's population at 47,435,312 in 2025, with an average population density of about 19.9 people per square kilometre.[2] Population distribution is highly uneven because most of the national territory is desert. The overwhelming majority of inhabitants live in northern coastal and highland regions, where the largest cities, agricultural areas and much of the country's infrastructure are located.[4]

Algerian society reflects both Arab and Amazigh historical and cultural traditions. Arabic and Tamazight have official status under the constitution. The constitution also directs the state to promote and develop Tamazight in its linguistic varieties used across the country.[3]

Islam is the religion of the state under Article 2 of the constitution.[3] Religious, linguistic and regional traditions vary across the country, including in Kabylie, the Aurès, the M'Zab, the Sahara and the major coastal cities.

Life expectancy at birth in Algeria was approximately 76 years in 2024, according to World Bank data.[18]

Languages

Arabic and Tamazight are the two official languages of Algeria.[3] Modern Standard Arabic is used in government, education, formal communication and media, while varieties of Algerian Arabic are widely spoken in everyday life.

Tamazight encompasses several Amazigh linguistic varieties spoken in different regions of Algeria. The constitution recognizes Tamazight as an official language and provides for its promotion and development.[3]

French is also widely used in parts of business, higher education, science, media and everyday communication, reflecting Algeria's colonial history and long-standing cultural and economic links with the Francophone world.

Religion

Islam is constitutionally recognized as the state religion.[3] The large majority of Algerians are Muslims, predominantly following Sunni Islam.

The country also contains smaller religious communities. Algeria's constitutional framework contains provisions concerning freedom of conscience and worship within the conditions established by law.[3]

Education

Algeria developed a large public education system after independence. Schooling expanded substantially during the second half of the twentieth century as the government sought to increase literacy and access to primary, secondary and higher education.

The higher-education system includes universities and specialized institutions located throughout the country. Arabic is important in the education system, while French continues to be used in some scientific, technical and medical fields.

Education policy has also been influenced by Algeria's multilingual environment and by efforts to strengthen the teaching and use of Tamazight.

Culture and heritage

Algerian culture developed through interaction among indigenous Amazigh traditions and influences associated with Arab-Islamic civilization, Mediterranean exchange, Ottoman rule and the colonial and post-colonial periods. Regional traditions remain visible in architecture, music, clothing, crafts, oral traditions and local celebrations.

Algeria has seven properties inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Six are classified as cultural sites: Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad, Djémila, the Kasbah of Algiers, the M'Zab Valley, Timgad and Tipasa. Tassili n'Ajjer is listed as a mixed cultural and natural property.[19]

The country's archaeological heritage spans prehistoric Saharan rock art, Numidian and Roman settlements, medieval Islamic architecture and Ottoman urban districts. The Kasbah of Algiers, Roman cities such as Timgad and Djémila, and the settlements of the M'Zab Valley are among its best-known heritage sites.[19]

Music

Music varies considerably by region. Raï, which developed from popular musical traditions in western Algeria, became internationally known during the twentieth century. UNESCO inscribed "Raï, popular folk song of Algeria" on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2022.[20]

Other Algerian musical traditions include Andalusian-derived urban styles, Amazigh regional music, religious music and Saharan traditions. UNESCO also recognizes a range of Algerian cultural practices connected with craftsmanship, dress, ritual, music and oral heritage.[21]

Cuisine

Algerian cuisine reflects the agricultural products and cultural traditions of the Mediterranean, Maghreb and Sahara. Common ingredients include grains, vegetables, legumes, meat, olive oil, herbs and spices.

Couscous is one of the best-known dishes and is prepared in many regional forms. Other foods include soups such as chorba, breads, stews, grilled meats and pastries. Culinary traditions vary considerably between coastal cities, mountain regions, the High Plateaus and Saharan communities.

Literature

Algerian literature has developed in Arabic, Tamazight and French. Writers have addressed subjects including colonialism, independence, identity, language, social change, migration and political conflict.

Prominent writers associated with Algeria include Kateb Yacine, Mouloud Feraoun, Mohammed Dib, Assia Djebar and Ahlam Mosteghanemi. Algerian literary traditions also include oral poetry, storytelling and Amazigh cultural expression.

Sport

Football is the country's most widely followed sport. The Algeria national football team has won the Africa Cup of Nations twice, in 1990 and 2019.[22]

Algeria has also participated regularly in the Olympic Games and has produced international competitors in athletics, boxing, judo and other sports.

Major sporting venues are concentrated in cities including Algiers, Oran and Constantine.

Environment

Algeria's ecosystems range from Mediterranean forests and mountain environments in the north to steppe, salt lakes, oases and Saharan desert ecosystems farther south. Tassili n'Ajjer is especially notable for its geological formations, archaeological heritage and desert environment.[23]

Water availability, extreme heat, drought and wildfire risk are major environmental concerns. Climate assessments by the International Energy Agency indicate that northern Algeria faces risks associated with declining precipitation, drought and wildfires, while rising temperatures are expected to increase electricity demand for cooling and place additional pressure on energy infrastructure.[4]

Because population, agriculture and infrastructure are concentrated mainly in the north, climatic changes affecting Mediterranean and semi-arid regions can have significant social and economic effects.[4]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 About Algeria. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and National Community Abroad, Algeria. Accessed 23 September 2026.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Algeria. UNData, United Nations Statistics Division. Accessed 23 September 2026.
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 Algeria's Constitution of 2020. Constitute Project. Accessed 23 September 2026.
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 National Climate Resilience Assessment for Algeria. International Energy Agency. Accessed 23 September 2026.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 IMF Executive Board Concludes 2026 Article IV Consultation with Algeria. International Monetary Fund. 21 September 2026. Accessed 23 September 2026.
  6. ↑ Algeria. Encyclopedia.com. Accessed 23 September 2026.
  7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 History of Algeria. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and National Community Abroad, Algeria. Accessed 23 September 2026.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Algeria. Office of the Historian, United States Department of State. Accessed 23 September 2026.
  9. ↑ Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Volume XXIV, Africa: Summary. Office of the Historian, United States Department of State. Accessed 23 September 2026.
  10. ↑ Algeria Background Note. United States Department of State. October 2007. Accessed 23 September 2026.
  11. ↑ Algerian leader Bouteflika quits after mass protests. Reuters via Euronews. 2 April 2019. Accessed 23 September 2026.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Proclamation No. 09/P.C.C/24 of 14 September 2024 on the final results of the presidential election. Constitutional Court of Algeria. 14 September 2024. Accessed 23 September 2026.
  13. ↑ Government meeting reviews implementation of President Tebboune's latest Council of Ministers decisions. Algérie Presse Service. 17 September 2026. Accessed 23 September 2026.
  14. ↑ Algeria National People's Assembly July 2026 Election. IPU Parline, Inter-Parliamentary Union. Accessed 23 September 2026.
  15. ↑ Law on Algeria's new territorial organization published. Algérie Presse Service. 6 April 2026. Accessed 23 September 2026.
  16. ↑ Member States. United Nations. Accessed 23 September 2026.
  17. ↑ Member States of the African Union. African Union. Accessed 23 September 2026.
  18. ↑ Algeria. World Bank Data. Accessed 23 September 2026.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Algeria. UNESCO World Heritage Convention. Accessed 23 September 2026.
  20. ↑ Raï, popular folk song of Algeria. UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. Accessed 23 September 2026.
  21. ↑ Algeria: Elements on the Lists of Intangible Cultural Heritage. UNESCO. Accessed 23 September 2026.
  22. ↑ Confederation of African Football – Africa Cup of Nations. Confederation of African Football. Accessed 23 September 2026.
  23. ↑ Tassili n'Ajjer. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Accessed 23 September 2026.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipartner.org/index.php?title=Algeria&oldid=504"