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{{Infobox person | {{Infobox person | ||
| name = Muhammad | | name = Muhammad | ||
| image = | | image = Muhammad Masjid an-Nabawi Calligraphy.png | ||
| image_alt = | | image_alt = Arabic calligraphy of the name Muhammad | ||
| caption = | | caption = Arabic calligraphy of the name Muhammad | ||
| birth_name = | | birth_name = | ||
| born = c. 570 CE | | born = c. 570 CE | ||
Revision as of 09:20, 31 August 2026
Muhammad (Arabic: محمد; c. 570 – 8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious and community leader and the prophet of Islam. Muslims regard him as the final prophet and messenger of God. The revelations he conveyed form the Quran, the central religious text of Islam, while accounts of his words and actions became an important source of guidance in Muslim life.[1]
Muhammad was born in Mecca in western Arabia around 570 CE. His prophetic mission began around 610 and continued until his death in Medina in 632. During this period, a Muslim community developed first in Mecca and later in Medina.[2]
Early life
Muhammad was born in Mecca around 570 CE into the Quraysh tribe. His father died before his birth, and he lost his mother while still a child. He was raised by members of his family and later worked in trade.[3]
Around 595, Muhammad married Khadija, who became his first wife and an important supporter during the beginning of his prophetic mission.[3]
First revelations
According to Islamic tradition, Muhammad received his first revelation around 610 while spending time in reflection near Mecca. Muslims believe that the angel Gabriel conveyed God's revelation to him.[2]
These revelations continued during the remainder of Muhammad's life. They were delivered first in Mecca and later in Medina and form the basis of the Quran.[4]
Muhammad's message emphasized worship of one God, moral responsibility, faith, and accountability before God. His teachings attracted a growing group of followers in Mecca.[2]
Migration to Medina
In 622, Muhammad and his followers migrated from Mecca to the settlement of Yathrib, which became known as Medina. This migration is known as the Hijra.[2]
The Hijra became a major event in Islamic history and marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar.[5]
Muslim community in Medina
In Medina, Muhammad became the leader of a growing Muslim community. He served as a religious teacher and community leader while establishing relationships and arrangements among groups living in the city.
A document commonly known as the Constitution of Medina records agreements associated with the community following Muhammad's migration to Medina.[6]
The revelations received during the Medinan period addressed religious life as well as questions concerning family, community, worship, ethics, and social responsibility.
Return to Mecca
Muhammad returned to Mecca in 630. The Kaaba, which had long been an important sanctuary in Mecca, became the central sanctuary of Islamic worship.[2]
In the years that followed, Islam became established across much of Arabia, with Medina continuing to serve as the center of Muhammad's community.
Farewell pilgrimage and death
In 632, Muhammad made a pilgrimage to Mecca that became known in Islamic tradition as the Farewell Pilgrimage.[3]
He later returned to Medina, where he died on 8 June 632 CE.[3]
Muhammad was buried in Medina. The site later became part of the Prophet's Mosque, one of the most important religious sites in Islam.
Teachings
A central part of Muhammad's message was belief in one God. The Quranic revelations communicated through him also emphasized prayer, charity, moral responsibility, justice, compassion, and accountability before God.[2]
Muslims regard Muhammad's life and conduct as an important model for religious and personal life. Reports concerning his sayings and actions were preserved in collections of hadith, while the example of his practice is commonly known as the Sunnah.[1]
His teachings helped shape the religious practices and community life of early Muslims.
Legacy
Muhammad is the central human figure in Islam and is regarded by Muslims as the final prophet in a line of prophets that includes figures such as Abraham, Moses, and Jesus.
His life is studied through the sira, or biographical tradition, as well as through the Quran, hadith literature, and historical scholarship. One of the major early biographies is associated with Ibn Ishaq and survives through later transmission.[7]
Muhammad's religious teachings and leadership had a lasting influence on the religious, ethical, legal, intellectual, artistic, and cultural traditions of Muslim societies.
Muslims around the world continue to study his teachings and life and commonly send blessings upon him when his name is mentioned.
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Muhammad". Oxford Bibliographies in Islamic Studies, Oxford University Press. Accessed 31 August 2026.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 "The Birth of Islam". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Accessed 31 August 2026.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "The rise of Islam". Cambridge University Press. Accessed 31 August 2026.
- ↑ "Muhammad's message in Mecca: warnings, signs, and miracles". The Cambridge Companion to Muhammad. Cambridge University Press. Accessed 31 August 2026.
- ↑ "The origins of the Muslim community". Cambridge University Press. Accessed 31 August 2026.
- ↑ "The Constitution of Medina: A Sociolegal Interpretation of Muhammad's Acts of Foundation of the Umma". Cambridge University Press. Accessed 31 August 2026.
- ↑ "The Life of Muhammad". Library of Congress. Accessed 31 August 2026.
External links
- The Birth of Islam — Metropolitan Museum of Art
- Muhammad — Oxford Academic
- The Life of Muhammad — Library of Congress